前缀¶
英语中最常用的 56 个前缀。前缀通常只改变词义,不改变词性。词源和词性缩写见符号说明。
按含义归类¶
| 含义 | 前缀 |
|---|---|
| 否定 | an-, un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, mis-, dis-, de-, non- |
| 使得 | en- |
| 对立,对抗 | anti-, contra-, counter- |
| 超过,过度 | ex-, extra-, out-(还有外面之意), over-(还有在...之上) |
| 前面的 | fore- |
| 后面的 | back- |
| 相互的,两者之间 | inter- |
| 坏的 | mal-, mis- |
| 重复,再次 | re- |
反义前缀¶
| 前缀 | 反义前缀 |
|---|---|
| in-(im-, il-, ir-) 进入,如import | ex- 出去,如export |
| pre- 之前,如preview | post- 之后,postgraduate |
| pro- 支持,如pro-government | anti- 反对,如anti-war |
| en-(em-) 使...进入状态,如encrypt | de- 去除,离开,如decrypt |
| hyper- 超过,过度,如hyperactive | hypo-下面,不足,如hypoactive |
| macro- 大的,如macroeconomics | micro- 小的,如microeconomics |
| mono- 单一的 | poly- 多的 |
| super- 在...之上,如superscript | sub- 在...之下,如subscript |
| inter- 之间,如international | intra- 内部,如intranational |
| mal- 坏的,如malfunction | bene- 好的,如benefit |
数字前缀¶
表示数字的前缀大多成对出现,一个来自希腊语,一个来自拉丁语,如表示“四”的 tetr-(希腊语)和 quadr-(拉丁语)。
| 数值 | 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ½ | hemi- | GK | half | hemiplegia(偏瘫,半身不遂) |
| semi- | L | half | semitone(半音) semicolon(分号) semiconductor(半导体) | |
| 1 | mono- | GK | alone, single | monogamous(一夫一妻的) monoculture(单一栽培;单一文化) monolithic(整体的,庞大单一的) monotheism(一神论) |
| uni- | L | one | unicameral(一院制的) unilateral(单方面的) unison(齐声;一致) unitarian(一位论派信徒) | |
| 2 | di- | GK | two | dichotomy(二分法) dimorphic(二态的) |
| du- / dup- | L | two | duplex(双层公寓;双工的) duplicity(两面派,欺骗) | |
| bi- / bin- | L | two, double | bipartisan(两党的) binary(二进制的) biennial(两年一次的) bipolar(两极的;双相情感障碍的) | |
| 3 | tri- | GK, L | three | triad(三合一组) trilogy(三部曲) triceratops(三角龙) trident(三叉戟) trimester(三个月(孕期、学期)) trinity(三位一体) triptych(三联画) trivial(琐碎的;源自 trivium,三岔路口) |
| 4 | tetr- | GK | four | tetracycline(四环素) tetrahedron(四面体) tetralogy(四部曲) tetrapod(四足动物) |
| quadr- / quart- | L | four, fourth | quadrant(象限) quadrille(四对方舞) quadriplegic(四肢瘫痪的) quartile(四分位数) | |
| 5 | pent- | GK | five | pentathlon(五项全能) Pentateuch(摩西五经) pentameter(五音步诗行) Pentecostal(五旬节的;Pentecost 源自希腊语“第五十”) |
| quint- | L | five | quincentennial(五百周年) quintessential(典型的,精髓的) quintet(五重奏) quintile(五分位数) | |
| 8 | octo- | GK, L | eight | octopus(章鱼(八条腿)) |
| 10 | dec- | GK, L | ten | decalogue(十诫) decathlon(十项全能) decibel(分贝(十分之一贝尔)) decimate(大批杀死(原指十中杀一)) |
| 100 | cent- | L(centum) | one hundred | centenary(百年纪念) centigrade(摄氏的(百分度)) centimeter(厘米(百分之一米)) centurion(百夫长) |
| 1000 | mill- | L | a thousand; a thousandth | millefleur(千花图案) millenarianism(千禧年主义) millipede(千足虫) millisecond(毫秒(千分之一秒)) |
- 多数情况下,希腊语前缀与希腊语词根搭配,拉丁语前缀与拉丁语词根搭配:tetrahedron(四面体)、quadrilateral(四边形)。
- 月份 September 到 December 来自拉丁语的 7 到 10,现在却是 9 到 12 月,原因见数词 · 为什么 September 是 9 月。
- 公制单位中,deci-、centi-、milli- 分别表示十分之一、百分之一、千分之一(decimeter、centimeter、millimeter);deca-、hecto-、kilo- 分别表示十倍、百倍、千倍(kilometer)。
前缀表¶
A¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a- | OE | on, in | alive, aside, asleep, abroad, aloud | |
| a-(an-) | GK | not, without | anonymous, asynchronous | |
| ab-(abs-) | L | away from, off | absent, absorb, abstract, abduct | abs-出现在以c, t开头的词根前 |
| ad-(ac-,af-,etc.) | L | to, at | adhere, adjacent, admire, appear | |
| ante- | L | before, in front of | 时间、空间的“前” | |
| anti-(ant-) | GK | against, opposing | antibiotic, antidote, antiseptic, antipathy |
B¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| be- | OE | 1. about; completely 2. to make; to provide with |
||
| bi-(bin-) | L | two; twice; doubly | bicycle, bigamy, bilateral | bin-只出现在以元音开头的词根 |
| by- | OE | secondary; near by | bypass, bywork, by-product |
C¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| circum- | L | around, about | circumnavigation, circumference, circumlunar | 往往构成科技名词 |
| com-(用在 b. m. p, f 前) co-(元音字母及h, gn前) col-(用在 l 前) con-(其余的辅音字母前) cor-(用在 r 前) |
L | with, together | committee, compose, collision, correspond, concentration, condolence, congestion, conquer, conjunction, consent, coincidence, coagulate, cohere | |
| contra- | L | against, opposite | contrast | |
| counter- | ME | against, opposite, in return |
D¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| de- | L | 1. down; away 2. to undo; to make down or away |
decline, decrease(increase), decentralize, decompose, degrade, debark(embark), derail, deflation(inflation), desorb(absorb), detach(attach), detract(attract), develop(envelop), destruction(construction) | de- 有时表示对词根的强调,有completely的意思,如 declare, demand, deserve |
| di- | GK | twice, two | dilemma, dioxide, divalent, diatomic | 常用于化学术语 |
| dia-(di-) | GK | through, across | diameter, dialogue, diagnostic, diagonal | di- 只用于o, u等元音字母前 |
| dis-(c, p, r, s, t前) dif-(f前) di-(l, m, r, v前) |
L | apart; to undo; lack of, to remove; not | disrupt(interrupt, bankrupt), distract, difference, diffuse, dilate, dimidiate, direction, divert, division, disagree, disappear |
E¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| en-(em-) | OF | to put into; to make | endanger, enforce, enable, enclose | em- 只出现在b, p, m前,如embark, embody, empower |
| ex-(元音字母和c, h, p, q, s, t 前) e-(b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v前) ef-(f前) |
L | 1. out, out of 2. former |
exaggerative, exemption, exceed, exhaust, effective, effort, eject, emit, election, emission, enormous, ex-president, ex-wife | |
| extra- | L | outside; beyond |
F¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| for- | OE | forth; away | forbid, forget, forgive | |
| fore- | OE | front; before; beforehand | forefoot, forehead, foreword, foreground, forecast, foreclose |
I¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| in-(除了l, b, m, p, r外的字母前) il-(l 前) im-(唇音b, p, m前) ir-(r 前) |
L | not; lack of | inactive, inimitable, incorrect, independent, invalid, illegal, immortal, immoral, irregular, ineffective | 表否定 |
| in-(除了l, b, m, p, r外的字母前) il-(l 前) im-(唇音b, p, m前) ir-(r 前) |
L | in, into; on, upon; towards | include, induce, inflate, inhabit, initiate, initial, inject, inquire, inspect, intend, invade, illustrate, import, immigrate, ingress, insist, inspire, impress, income, indoor, infix, inside, intake | 表方向。拉丁前缀in-和im-在法语中是en-和em-,从法语引入英语的单词仍做了保留,如embed, enclose, enfold |
| inter- intel-(只出现在以 lig/lect 为词根的单词中) |
L | between; mutual, mutually | interest, interface, interrupt, international, interview, interflow, intercept, intermediate, interval, interpret, intelligence, intellect |
K¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| kilo- | F | one thousand | 只与表计量单位的名词结合 |
M¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| mal-(male-) | F, L | bad, badly; evil, evilly | malfunction, malpractice, malware | |
| micro- | GK | small, very small; one millionth | microbe, microscope, microcircuit, microfilm,microwave, micrometer, microgramme | 术语中做微小之意,计量单位中做百万分之一 |
| mis- | OE | bad, badly; wrong, wrongly | misfortune, misconception, mistake | |
| multi- | L | many; having many; many times | multiply |
N¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| non- | L | not; absence of; without | nonsense | 拉丁语成为法语词缀 |
O¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ob-(oc-,of-,op-) | L | toward; against | obey, object, oblige, obligation, occur, offend, oppose | ob-在c, f, p前,变成oc-, of-, op- |
| out- | OE | out, outside; more than, to surpass, to be more than | outbuilding, outdoor, outgoing, outstanding, outcome, outdate, outline, outfight | |
| over- | OE | above, across; too; too much | overactive, overdue, overhead, overcoat, overfreight, overflow |
P¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| para-(par-,在元音或h开头) | GK | beside, near; related to, subordinate to | paragraph, paralytic, parasite, parallel | 含有para-的单词大多为科技术语 |
| per- | L | through; throughout; thoroughly; to destruction | perfect, perform, permanent, permit, permission, persist, pervade, perish | |
| peri- | GK | around; near | period, perigee, perimeter, periscope | 构成很多科技名词 |
| post- | L | after; behind | postgraduate, postware, postdate | |
| pre- | L | before, beforehand; in front | premature, prejudge, prepay, precede, predict, prefer, pregnant, prepare, president, prevent | 以e开头或大写字母前需加连字符 |
| pro- | L | forward, forth, out; in favour of, in place of | proceed, proclaim, produce, progress, promote, propose, profess, profile, protect, project, provide |
R¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| re-(red-) | L | back; again; against | rebel, reduce, reflect, regress, reject, relieve, remit, renovate, repel, reserve, redeem, redintegrate |
S¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| se-(sed-) | L | apart, aside, away | secure, select, separate, secret | |
| self- | OE | oneself; by oneself; automatic, automatically | 在构词中,self都有连字符 | |
| semi- | L | half; partly; half a time or twice | semicircle, semiautomatic, semimonthly | |
| sub-(suc-,suf-,etc.) | L | under; subordinate; incompletely; further | subtract, succeed, suffer, submarine, subtropics, subsonic | |
| super- | L | above; beyond; more than; excessively | supervise, supernatural, supersonic, supersecret | |
| sur- | OF | above, beyond | surface, surpass, survive, survey | 主要与拉丁词根结合 |
| syn-(syl-,sym-,sy-) | GK | with, together | synchronize, syndrome, synonymous, symbol, sympathy, symmetry |
T¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tele- | GK | afar; operating over a distance; having to do with television, etc. | telegraph, telepathy, telephone, telescope, television | |
| trans- tran-(s开头的词根前) tra-(少数以d, j, m, v 开头的词根前) |
L | across; beyond; over | transaction, transfer, translate, transmit, transparent, transcribe, transpire, tradition | |
| tri- | L, GK | three; having three | triangle, tricolour, tricycle, trident, trilogy |
U¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ultra- | L | beyond; on the other side; excessively | ultraviolet, ultramontane, ultramodern | 在含义上与super-和trans-很相似 |
| un- | OE | 1. not; lack of; to undo 2. to remove |
unable, unconscious, unwilling, unrest, unbend, untie, uncover | |
| under- | OE | under, beneath; lower; not enough | underground, underwear, undergraduate, undervalue, undersupply | 与out-, over-一样 |
| up- | OE | up; upward; upper; to make ... upward | uprise, upstairs |
W¶
| 前缀 | 词源 | 含义 | 示例 | 备注 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| with- | OE | against; away; back; with | withdrawal |