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前缀

英语中最常用的 56 个前缀。前缀通常只改变词义,不改变词性。词源和词性缩写见符号说明。

按含义归类

含义 前缀
否定 an-, un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, mis-, dis-, de-, non-
使得 en-
对立,对抗 anti-, contra-, counter-
超过,过度 ex-, extra-, out-(还有外面之意), over-(还有在...之上)
前面的 fore-
后面的 back-
相互的,两者之间 inter-
坏的 mal-, mis-
重复,再次 re-

反义前缀

前缀 反义前缀
in-(im-, il-, ir-) 进入,如import ex- 出去,如export
pre- 之前,如preview post- 之后,postgraduate
pro- 支持,如pro-government anti- 反对,如anti-war
en-(em-) 使...进入状态,如encrypt de- 去除,离开,如decrypt
hyper- 超过,过度,如hyperactive hypo-下面,不足,如hypoactive
macro- 大的,如macroeconomics micro- 小的,如microeconomics
mono- 单一的 poly- 多的
super- 在...之上,如superscript sub- 在...之下,如subscript
inter- 之间,如international intra- 内部,如intranational
mal- 坏的,如malfunction bene- 好的,如benefit

数字前缀

表示数字的前缀大多成对出现,一个来自希腊语,一个来自拉丁语,如表示“四”的 tetr-(希腊语)和 quadr-(拉丁语)。

数值前缀词源含义示例
½hemi-GKhalfhemiplegia(偏瘫,半身不遂)
semi-Lhalfsemitone(半音)
semicolon(分号)
semiconductor(半导体)
1mono-GKalone, singlemonogamous(一夫一妻的)
monoculture(单一栽培;单一文化)
monolithic(整体的,庞大单一的)
monotheism(一神论)
uni-Loneunicameral(一院制的)
unilateral(单方面的)
unison(齐声;一致)
unitarian(一位论派信徒)
2di-GKtwodichotomy(二分法)
dimorphic(二态的)
du- / dup-Ltwoduplex(双层公寓;双工的)
duplicity(两面派,欺骗)
bi- / bin-Ltwo, doublebipartisan(两党的)
binary(二进制的)
biennial(两年一次的)
bipolar(两极的;双相情感障碍的)
3tri-GK, Lthreetriad(三合一组)
trilogy(三部曲)
triceratops(三角龙)
trident(三叉戟)
trimester(三个月(孕期、学期))
trinity(三位一体)
triptych(三联画)
trivial(琐碎的;源自 trivium,三岔路口)
4tetr-GKfourtetracycline(四环素)
tetrahedron(四面体)
tetralogy(四部曲)
tetrapod(四足动物)
quadr- / quart-Lfour, fourthquadrant(象限)
quadrille(四对方舞)
quadriplegic(四肢瘫痪的)
quartile(四分位数)
5pent-GKfivepentathlon(五项全能)
Pentateuch(摩西五经)
pentameter(五音步诗行)
Pentecostal(五旬节的;Pentecost 源自希腊语“第五十”)
quint-Lfivequincentennial(五百周年)
quintessential(典型的,精髓的)
quintet(五重奏)
quintile(五分位数)
8octo-GK, Leightoctopus(章鱼(八条腿))
10dec-GK, Ltendecalogue(十诫)
decathlon(十项全能)
decibel(分贝(十分之一贝尔))
decimate(大批杀死(原指十中杀一))
100cent-L(centum)one hundredcentenary(百年纪念)
centigrade(摄氏的(百分度))
centimeter(厘米(百分之一米))
centurion(百夫长)
1000mill-La thousand; a thousandthmillefleur(千花图案)
millenarianism(千禧年主义)
millipede(千足虫)
millisecond(毫秒(千分之一秒))
  • 多数情况下,希腊语前缀与希腊语词根搭配,拉丁语前缀与拉丁语词根搭配:tetrahedron(四面体)、quadrilateral(四边形)。
  • 月份 September 到 December 来自拉丁语的 7 到 10,现在却是 9 到 12 月,原因见数词 · 为什么 September 是 9 月。
  • 公制单位中,deci-、centi-、milli- 分别表示十分之一、百分之一、千分之一(decimeter、centimeter、millimeter);deca-、hecto-、kilo- 分别表示十倍、百倍、千倍(kilometer)。

前缀表

A

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
a- OE on, in alive, aside, asleep, abroad, aloud
a-(an-) GK not, without anonymous, asynchronous
ab-(abs-) L away from, off absent, absorb, abstract, abduct abs-出现在以c, t开头的词根前
ad-(ac-,af-,etc.) L to, at adhere, adjacent, admire, appear
ante- L before, in front of 时间、空间的“前”
anti-(ant-) GK against, opposing antibiotic, antidote, antiseptic, antipathy

B

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
be- OE 1. about; completely
2. to make; to provide with
bi-(bin-) L two; twice; doubly bicycle, bigamy, bilateral bin-只出现在以元音开头的词根
by- OE secondary; near by bypass, bywork, by-product

C

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
circum- L around, about circumnavigation, circumference, circumlunar 往往构成科技名词
com-(用在 b. m. p, f 前)
co-(元音字母及h, gn前)
col-(用在 l 前)
con-(其余的辅音字母前)
cor-(用在 r 前)
L with, together committee, compose, collision, correspond, concentration, condolence, congestion, conquer, conjunction, consent, coincidence, coagulate, cohere
contra- L against, opposite contrast
counter- ME against, opposite, in return

D

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
de- L 1. down; away
2. to undo; to make down or away
decline, decrease(increase), decentralize, decompose, degrade, debark(embark), derail, deflation(inflation), desorb(absorb), detach(attach), detract(attract), develop(envelop), destruction(construction) de- 有时表示对词根的强调,有completely的意思,如 declare, demand, deserve
di- GK twice, two dilemma, dioxide, divalent, diatomic 常用于化学术语
dia-(di-) GK through, across diameter, dialogue, diagnostic, diagonal di- 只用于o, u等元音字母前
dis-(c, p, r, s, t前)
dif-(f前)
di-(l, m, r, v前)
L apart; to undo; lack of, to remove; not disrupt(interrupt, bankrupt), distract, difference, diffuse, dilate, dimidiate, direction, divert, division, disagree, disappear

E

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
en-(em-) OF to put into; to make endanger, enforce, enable, enclose em- 只出现在b, p, m前,如embark, embody, empower
ex-(元音字母和c, h, p, q, s, t 前)
e-(b, d, g, j, l, m, n, r, v前)
ef-(f前)
L 1. out, out of
2. former
exaggerative, exemption, exceed, exhaust, effective, effort, eject, emit, election, emission, enormous, ex-president, ex-wife
extra- L outside; beyond

F

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
for- OE forth; away forbid, forget, forgive
fore- OE front; before; beforehand forefoot, forehead, foreword, foreground, forecast, foreclose

I

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
in-(除了l, b, m, p, r外的字母前)
il-(l 前)
im-(唇音b, p, m前)
ir-(r 前)
L not; lack of inactive, inimitable, incorrect, independent, invalid, illegal, immortal, immoral, irregular, ineffective 表否定
in-(除了l, b, m, p, r外的字母前)
il-(l 前)
im-(唇音b, p, m前)
ir-(r 前)
L in, into; on, upon; towards include, induce, inflate, inhabit, initiate, initial, inject, inquire, inspect, intend, invade, illustrate, import, immigrate, ingress, insist, inspire, impress, income, indoor, infix, inside, intake 表方向。拉丁前缀in-和im-在法语中是en-和em-,从法语引入英语的单词仍做了保留,如embed, enclose, enfold
inter-
intel-(只出现在以 lig/lect 为词根的单词中)
L between; mutual, mutually interest, interface, interrupt, international, interview, interflow, intercept, intermediate, interval, interpret, intelligence, intellect

K

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
kilo- F one thousand 只与表计量单位的名词结合

M

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
mal-(male-) F, L bad, badly; evil, evilly malfunction, malpractice, malware
micro- GK small, very small; one millionth microbe, microscope, microcircuit, microfilm,microwave, micrometer, microgramme 术语中做微小之意,计量单位中做百万分之一
mis- OE bad, badly; wrong, wrongly misfortune, misconception, mistake
multi- L many; having many; many times multiply

N

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
non- L not; absence of; without nonsense 拉丁语成为法语词缀

O

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
ob-(oc-,of-,op-) L toward; against obey, object, oblige, obligation, occur, offend, oppose ob-在c, f, p前,变成oc-, of-, op-
out- OE out, outside; more than, to surpass, to be more than outbuilding, outdoor, outgoing, outstanding, outcome, outdate, outline, outfight
over- OE above, across; too; too much overactive, overdue, overhead, overcoat, overfreight, overflow

P

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
para-(par-,在元音或h开头) GK beside, near; related to, subordinate to paragraph, paralytic, parasite, parallel 含有para-的单词大多为科技术语
per- L through; throughout; thoroughly; to destruction perfect, perform, permanent, permit, permission, persist, pervade, perish
peri- GK around; near period, perigee, perimeter, periscope 构成很多科技名词
post- L after; behind postgraduate, postware, postdate
pre- L before, beforehand; in front premature, prejudge, prepay, precede, predict, prefer, pregnant, prepare, president, prevent 以e开头或大写字母前需加连字符
pro- L forward, forth, out; in favour of, in place of proceed, proclaim, produce, progress, promote, propose, profess, profile, protect, project, provide

R

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
re-(red-) L back; again; against rebel, reduce, reflect, regress, reject, relieve, remit, renovate, repel, reserve, redeem, redintegrate

S

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
se-(sed-) L apart, aside, away secure, select, separate, secret
self- OE oneself; by oneself; automatic, automatically 在构词中,self都有连字符
semi- L half; partly; half a time or twice semicircle, semiautomatic, semimonthly
sub-(suc-,suf-,etc.) L under; subordinate; incompletely; further subtract, succeed, suffer, submarine, subtropics, subsonic
super- L above; beyond; more than; excessively supervise, supernatural, supersonic, supersecret
sur- OF above, beyond surface, surpass, survive, survey 主要与拉丁词根结合
syn-(syl-,sym-,sy-) GK with, together synchronize, syndrome, synonymous, symbol, sympathy, symmetry

T

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
tele- GK afar; operating over a distance; having to do with television, etc. telegraph, telepathy, telephone, telescope, television
trans-
tran-(s开头的词根前)
tra-(少数以d, j, m, v 开头的词根前)
L across; beyond; over transaction, transfer, translate, transmit, transparent, transcribe, transpire, tradition
tri- L, GK three; having three triangle, tricolour, tricycle, trident, trilogy

U

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
ultra- L beyond; on the other side; excessively ultraviolet, ultramontane, ultramodern 在含义上与super-和trans-很相似
un- OE 1. not; lack of; to undo
2. to remove
unable, unconscious, unwilling, unrest, unbend, untie, uncover
under- OE under, beneath; lower; not enough underground, underwear, undergraduate, undervalue, undersupply 与out-, over-一样
up- OE up; upward; upper; to make ... upward uprise, upstairs

W

前缀 词源 含义 示例 备注
with- OE against; away; back; with withdrawal

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