形容词与副词
形容词
形容词用于修饰名词,通常放在名词之前。
分类
| 类别 |
说明 |
示例 |
| 属性 |
表示人和物具有的属性,可以用 very 修饰 |
beautiful |
| 类别 |
表示事物的类别,不能用 very 修饰 |
empty、Chinese |
| 颜色 |
浅色前加 light、pale、bright,深色前加 dark、deep |
light blue、dark red |
| 强调 |
加强语气 |
absolute、utter、total、entire |
| -ing 与 -ed |
由分词转化而来,见下文 |
boring、bored |
| 复合 |
形容词 + 名词 + -ed;形容词/副词 + 过去分词;形容词/副词/名词 + 现在分词;名词 + 形容词 |
kind-hearted、well-known、good-looking、snow-white |
-ing 与 -ed
-ing 形容词描述事物本身的特点(令人……的),-ed 形容词描述人的感受(感到……的):
| -ing |
-ed |
| amusing(有趣的) |
amused(被逗乐的) |
| interesting(有趣的) |
interested(感兴趣的) |
| exciting(令人兴奋的) |
excited(感到兴奋的) |
| boring(无聊的) |
bored(感到无聊的) |
多个形容词的顺序
多个形容词修饰同一个名词时,一般按以下顺序排列:
| 顺序 |
类别 |
示例 |
| 1 |
限定词 |
a、an、the、my、your、our |
| 2 |
描绘 |
beautiful、boring |
| 3 |
大小长短 |
big、small、tall、short |
| 4 |
形状重量 |
round、fat、skinny |
| 5 |
状态 |
cold、wet、rich |
| 6 |
新旧 |
new、old、ancient |
| 7 |
颜色 |
yellow、red、blue |
| 8 |
图案 |
spotted、flowery |
| 9 |
国籍 |
Chinese、American、Australian |
| 10 |
材料 |
wooden、paper、platinum |
| 11 |
用途、类别 |
working、sleeping、classic |
如 a beautiful small old Chinese wooden table。
以上是形容词作前置定语的情况。修饰 somebody、anybody、everything、nothing 等复合不定代词时,形容词要后置,如 something interesting。形容词短语一般也放在被修饰的名词之后。
比较级与最高级
变化规则
| 规则 |
示例 |
| 单音节词和少数双音节词,加 -er / -est |
warm → warmer → warmest |
| 以 e 结尾,加 -r / -st |
large → larger → largest |
| 重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该字母再加 -er / -est |
big → bigger → biggest |
| 辅音字母 + y 结尾,变 y 为 i 再加 -er / -est |
happy → happier → happiest |
| 多音节词和部分双音节词,前面加 more / most |
fantastic → more fantastic → most fantastic |
不规则变化
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 | 备注 |
| little | less | least | |
| good | better | best | 形容词 |
| well | 副词,也可做形容词表健康状态 |
| bad | worse | worst | 描述质量、道德等 |
| ill | 主要用于描述身体健康 |
| many | more | most | 用于可数名词 |
| much | 用于不可数名词 |
| far | farther | farthest | 用于具体的物理距离 |
| further | furthest | 用于抽象的距离或程度 |
| old | older | oldest | 用于任何上下文中比较年龄或时间长短 |
| elder | eldest | 主要用于人,尤其是家庭成员或表示地位和经验,且可以作名词使用 |
常见用法
- 比较级可以单独使用,与 than 连用比较两者,前面可以加 a lot、much、rather、a little、even 等修饰
- 最高级前面要加 the,前面可以加 by far、almost、much 等修饰
- at + 最高级表示处于最……的状态,如 at least、at most、at best
- 比较级 and 比较级,表示越来越……:faster and faster;多音节词只写一次 more:more and more fantastic
- the + 比较级 …, the + 比较级 …,表示越……就越……:The richer, the better.
含 more than 的表达
| 表达 |
含义 |
示例 |
| more than + 名词 |
不仅仅是(= not only) |
We are more than friends. |
| more than + 数词 |
超过(= over) |
More than one billion people live in China. |
| more than + 形容词 |
非常(= very) |
We are more than happy to help. |
| no more than |
只有,仅仅(强调少) |
I have no more than four games. |
| not more than |
不超过(≤) |
I have not more than four games. |
| no more … than … |
两者都不(= neither … nor …) |
He is no more a scientist than I am. |
| not more … than … |
不如(= not so … as …) |
I am not more careful than you. |
易混形容词
| 词语 |
区别 |
| too much / much too |
too much 侧重数量过多,修饰名词:The food is too much for me to finish. much too 强调程度过高,修饰形容词或副词:The coffee is much too hot to drink. |
| good / well |
good 是形容词,可表示道德、品质;well 通常是副词,作形容词时表示身体健康 |
| nice / fine |
nice 表示令人愉悦,指人或物的性质、外表、品质;fine 多指身体或天气 |
| lonely / alone |
lonely 表示心理上的孤独;alone 表示物理上的独自 |
| quick、fast / soon |
quick 和 fast 表示速度快;soon 表示时间上很快 |
| interesting / interested |
interesting 表示令人感兴趣;interested 表示对……感兴趣 |
| living / alive / live / lively |
living 表示活着的,也可作前置定语;alive 表示活着的,只作表语或后置定语;live 表示活的(多指动物)、现场直播的;lively 表示活泼、生动 |
副词
副词在句子中提供额外的信息,帮助理解动作、状态的时间、方式、地点或程度等细节,可以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。
分类
| 类别 |
常见副词 |
例句 |
| 地点 |
here、there、home、upstairs、downstairs、anywhere、everywhere、nowhere、somewhere、abroad、elsewhere |
Come here. |
| 位置 |
above、below、down、up、out、in、across、back、along、over、round、around、away、near、off、on、inside、outside、past |
The sun goes down. |
| 方式 |
carefully、properly、anxiously、suddenly、normally、fast、calmly、politely、proudly、softly、warmly、slowly、badly |
Drive carefully. |
| 程度 |
nearly、rather、very、too、fully、almost、extremely、absolutely、slightly、simply、awfully、deeply、really、perfectly、quite、much |
I'm very tired. |
| 疑问 |
how、when、where、why |
Why are you late? |
| 强调(强调形容词或副词) |
completely、perfectly、really、totally、mainly、only |
That's totally wrong. |
| 连接(引导名词性从句或连接并列结构) |
how、when、where、why、then、however、therefore |
I don't know how it works. |
| 关系(引导定语从句) |
when、where、why |
the day when we met |
| 句子(修饰整个句子) |
actually、personally、certainly、definitely |
Actually, I disagree. |
表示时间
按 过去 → 现在 → 将来 的顺序排列,含义相同的词合并在一起。
|
过去 → 现在 → 将来 |
| 确定时间 |
昨天 |
今天 |
今晚 |
明天 |
| yesterday |
today |
tonight |
tomorrow |
| 不确定时间 |
以前 |
曾经 |
刚刚 |
现在 |
最近 |
近来 |
后来 |
不久 |
最后 |
| ago |
before |
ever |
just |
now |
recently |
lately |
later |
soon |
last |
finally |
表示频率
按频率从高到低排列,百分比只是大致的参考。
| 频率 | 副词 | 含义 |
| 100% | always | 总是 |
| 90% | usually | 常常 |
| 80% | generally | 通常 |
| 70% | often | 经常 |
| 60% | frequently | 频繁 |
| 50% | sometimes | 有时 |
| 10% | occasionally | 偶尔 |
| 5% | seldom | 很少 |
| rarely |
| 1% | hardly ever | 几乎从不 |
| 0% | never | 从不 |
- hardly 单独使用时是程度副词,意思是“几乎不”(I can hardly hear you.),表示频率时要说 hardly ever。
- 频率副词一般放在 be 动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前:She is always late. / I usually get up at seven. / I have never been there.
表示速度与状态
| 速度 | 突然 | 立刻 | 不久,马上 |
| abruptly | suddenly | immediately | shortly |
| 状态 | 提早 | 仍然 | 然后 | 已经 | 还 | 接下来 |
| early | still | then | already | yet | next |
too、also、either、nor
都表示“也”,但位置和句式不同:
| 副词 |
使用方式 |
例句 |
| too |
肯定句和疑问句句尾,用逗号隔开 |
Are you Chinese, too? |
| also |
肯定句中,实义动词之前,系动词和助动词之后 |
You are also Chinese. |
| either |
否定句句尾,用逗号隔开 |
I am not lucky, either. |
| nor |
放在句首,后面的句子部分倒装 |
I can't swim. Nor can he. |
易混副词
| 副词 |
含义 |
例句 |
| sometimes |
有时候 |
Sometimes I go shopping in the mall. |
| sometime |
将来(或过去)的某个时候 |
Peter, I will meet your mother sometime. |
| some times |
几次 |
You have treated me quite some times recently. Now it's my turn. |
| some time |
一段时间 |
I should stay at home for some time. |
| farther |
具体的远 |
Can we walk farther tomorrow? |
| further |
抽象的远,进一步 |
See below for further information. |