句子类型¶
按结构分¶
| 类型 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| 简单句 | 只有一套主谓结构，见五大基本句型 |
| 并列复合句 | 两个或多个简单句用并列连词（and、but、or、so 等）连接 |
| 主从复合句 | 由主句和从句组成，从句分为名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句，见复合句 |
按用途分¶
陈述句¶
陈述事实或观点，分为肯定句和否定句。
把肯定句变成否定句，关键看谓语里有没有 be 动词、助动词或情态动词：
| 谓语 | 方法 | 肯定句 → 否定句 |
|---|---|---|
| 含 be 动词 | be 后加 not | He is a student. → He isn't a student. |
| 含助动词或情态动词 | 第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not | I can swim. → I can't swim. She has finished. → She hasn't finished. |
| 只有实义动词 | 加 do / does / did + not，实义动词还原为原形 | I like tea. → I don't like tea. He likes tea. → He doesn't like tea. He went home. → He didn't go home. |
- doesn't、didn't 后面的动词一定用原形：He doesn't like tea. ✓ / He doesn't likes tea. ✗
- 肯定句中的 some 在否定句中通常改为 any：I have some money. → I don't have any money.
- 常用缩写：isn't、aren't、wasn't、weren't、don't、doesn't、didn't、can't、won't（will not）、haven't、hasn't。
疑问句¶
一般疑问句¶
可以用 yes / no 回答。变换方法和否定句一样，先看谓语：
| 谓语 | 方法 | 陈述句 → 一般疑问句 | 简略回答 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 含 be 动词 | be 提到句首 | He is a student. → Is he a student? | Yes, he is. / No, he isn't. |
| 含助动词或情态动词 | 助动词或情态动词提到句首 | You can swim. → Can you swim? | Yes, I can. / No, I can't. |
| 只有实义动词 | 句首加 Do / Does / Did，实义动词还原为原形 | She likes tea. → Does she like tea? | Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. |
简略回答用助动词，不重复实义动词：Yes, she does. ✓ / Yes, she likes. ✗
特殊疑问句¶
对句子中的某个成分提问，用特殊疑问词开头，不能用 yes / no 回答。
结构是 疑问词 + 一般疑问句：
- You like tea. → What do you like?
- She lives in Beijing. → Where does she live?
对主语提问时，疑问词本身就是主语，语序不变，也不加 do：Tom broke the window. → Who broke the window?
| 疑问词 | 提问对象 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | Who's next? |
| whom | 人（作宾语） | Whom did you choose as our team leader? |
| whose | 所属 | Whose car is this? |
| what | 事物 | What time is it? |
| which | 选择 | Which is your choice? |
| when | 时间 | When can we start working? |
| where | 地点 | Where is the bathroom? |
| why | 原因 | Why did he do it? |
| how | 方式、程度 | How heavy is it? |
| how much / many | 数量 | How much longer? |
选择疑问句¶
一般疑问句 + or + 选项，提供两个或以上的选项供选择，不能用 yes / no 回答。
- Do you like to play football or basketball?
反义疑问句¶
在陈述句后附加一个简短的疑问句，可以用 yes / no 回答。前肯后否，前否后肯。
- He is your teacher, isn't he? (Yes, he is.)
- He isn't your teacher, is he? (No, he isn't.)
含 must 的反义疑问句要看 must 的含义：
- 表示“必须”时，附加部分一般用 needn't：You must go now, needn't you?
- 表示推测时，附加部分根据 must 后面的动词来定：He must be tired, isn't he? / She must have left, hasn't she?
感叹句¶
| 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| What + a/an + 形容词 + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语 | What a beautiful photo it is! |
| What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 / 可数名词复数 + 主语 + 谓语 | What clean water it is! What brilliant dogs they are! |
| How + 形容词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语 | How careful he is! How fast he runs! |
| How + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语 | How cute a dog it is! |
祈使句¶
省略主语 you，以动词原形开头：
- 命令、警告：Get out! / Be quiet, please. / Be careful.
- 请求、祝愿：Have a nice day. / Let me help you.