时态¶

英语时态由时间（过去、现在、将来、过去将来）和状态（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）两两组合而成，共 16 种。

总览¶

时间 \ 状态	一般（simple）状态未知	进行（progressive） be doing	完成（perfect） have done	完成进行（perfect progressive） have been doing
过去（past）	did	was/were doing	had done	had been doing
现在（present）	do/does	am/is/are doing	have/has done	have/has been doing
将来（future）	shall/will do	shall/will be doing	shall/will have done	shall/will have been doing
过去将来（future in the past）	should/would do	should/would be doing	should/would have done	should/would have been doing

完成时中的 done 指过去分词。被动语态的 16 种形式见语态。

判断该用哪种时态，可以按这个顺序：

	一般过去时	过去进行时	过去完成时	过去完成进行时
形式	did（过去式）	was/were doing	had done 强调两个事件之间的时间顺序	had been doing 过去某个时间之前的动作
频率	★★★★★	★★★	★★★	★★
高频场景	1. 过去完成的特定动作 2. 过去的状态	1. 过去某时正在进行的动作 2. 被打断的动作	“过去的过去”（需有明确过去参照点）	强调过去持续动作对过去的影响
信号词	yesterday, last week, ago, in 1999, when	at 5pm yesterday, while, as, when	by the time, before, after, already	for hours, all morning, until then
例句	She moved to London last year.	I was cooking when you called.	The train had left when we arrived.	They'd been waiting for 2 hours.

	一般现在时	现在进行时	现在完成时	现在完成进行时
形式	do/does 动词原形，第三人称单数 +s	am/are/is doing 正在进行或即将发生计划内的事	have/has done 过去与现在的联系（因果关系）	have/has been doing 从过去开始并持续到现在（持续、重复、刚刚结束）
频率	★★★★★	★★★★	★★★★★	★★★
高频场景	1. 习惯性动作 2. 客观真理 3. 固定安排	1. 正在进行的动作 2. 临时安排 3. 逐渐变化	1. 过去动作影响现在 2. 未指明时间的经历 3. 持续到现在的状态	强调动作的持续性或反复性
信号词	always, usually, every day, often, never	now, at the moment, currently, Look!	just, already, yet, ever, never, since, for	all day/week, recently, lately, how long
例句	The sun rises in the east.	She's learning Spanish these days.	I've visited Japan twice.	He's been working here since 2020.

第三人称单数的变化规则见动词 · 第三人称单数。

	一般将来时	将来进行时	将来完成时	将来完成进行时
形式	shall/will do be going to do	shall/will be doing be 无需变形	shall/will have done 较少用	shall/will have been doing 较少用，常用一般将来时或将来完成时代替
频率	★★★★	★★	★★	★
高频场景	1. 即时决定 2. 预测未来 3. 承诺/威胁	1. 将来特定时间正在进行的动作 2. 礼貌询问计划	将来某时之前完成的动作	强调将来动作的持续性
信号词	tomorrow, next year, in the future, probably	at this time next week, from 3-5pm	by 2030, by the time, before Friday	for 10 years, by next month
例句	It will rain later.	I'll be flying to Paris at 8am.	She'll have graduated by June.	By 2030, he'll have been working here for a decade.

	will	be going to
侧重	临时决定、预测、意愿	事先的计划和安排，或有迹象表明即将发生
例句	I'll help you with that.	I'm going to start a new project next month. Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.

过去将来时把 shall/will 换成 should/would，表示站在过去某一时刻看“将来”。四种形式都较少用。

一般过去将来时	过去将来进行时	过去将来完成时	过去将来完成进行时
should/would do	should/would be doing	should/would have done	should/would have been doing