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五大基本句型

所有简单句都可以归入以下五种基本句型。句型由谓语动词的类型决定：

句型 谓语动词 例句
主 + 谓 不及物动词 The baby cried.
主 + 谓 + 宾 单及物动词 I love music.
主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 双及物动词 She gave me a book.
主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 复杂及物动词 We made him our leader.
主 + 系 + 表 系动词 She is a teacher.

表语又称为主语补足语。在这五种句型的基础上加上定语、状语、同位语等附加成分，或把某个成分换成从句，就能扩展出更复杂的句子。

there be 句型

there be 表示“某处 / 某时 存在 某物”，是初学者最常用的句型之一。真正的主语在 be 之后，there 只是引导词，没有实际意义。

结构：There + be + 主语 + 地点 / 时间

  • There is a book on the desk.
  • There are two cats in the garden.

be 的形式

be 的单复数由 离它最近的主语 决定（就近原则，见主谓一致）：

  • There is a pen and two books on the desk.
  • There are two books and a pen on the desk.

be 还可以随时态变化：

时态 形式 示例
一般现在时 there is / are There are many people here.
一般过去时 there was / were There was a party last night.
一般将来时 there will be / there is going to be There will be a meeting tomorrow.
现在完成时 there has / have been There has been a change.

否定和疑问

  • 否定：There isn't any milk. / There is no milk.
  • 疑问：Is there a bank near here? — Yes, there is. / No, there isn't.
  • 特殊疑问：How many students are there in your class?

there be 与 have

中文的“有”对应英语中的两种说法：

说法 含义 示例
there be 某处 存在 某物 There is a book on the desk.（桌上有一本书）
have 某人 拥有 某物 I have a book.（我有一本书）

“桌上有一本书”不能说成 The desk has a book.

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