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定语从句

定语从句修饰前面的名词或代词,作用相当于形容词。被修饰的词叫 先行词,引导从句的词叫 关系词。

The man who lives next door is a doctor.

先行词:the man;关系词:who;定语从句:who lives next door

中文的定语放在名词前(住在隔壁的 那个人),英语的定语从句放在名词 后(the man who lives next door),这是初学者理解长句的第一道坎。

关系词

关系词有两个作用:连接主句和从句,同时在从句中充当一个成分。

关系代词

关系代词 先行词 在从句中的成分 示例
who 人 主语、宾语 The girl who sings well is my sister.
whom 人 宾语(正式) The man whom you met is my teacher.
whose 人或物 定语(……的) I have a friend whose father is a pilot.
which 物 主语、宾语 This is the book which I bought.
that 人或物 主语、宾语 This is the book that I bought.

关系副词

关系副词 先行词 相当于 示例
when 时间 in / on / at which I remember the day when we first met.
where 地点 in / at which This is the house where I was born.
why 原因(the reason) for which That's the reason why he left.

先行词是时间或地点时,不一定用 when / where,要看从句中缺什么成分:

  • This is the house where I live.(从句缺地点状语)
  • This is the house which / that I bought.(从句缺宾语 bought 的对象)

关系代词的省略

关系代词在从句中作 宾语 时可以省略,作主语时不能省略:

  • The book (that) I bought is interesting.(that 是 bought 的宾语,可省略)
  • The man who lives next door is a doctor.(who 是 lives 的主语,不能省略)

that 与 which

情况 用法 示例
先行词是 all、everything、nothing、anything 等不定代词 只用 that All that glitters is not gold.
先行词被最高级、序数词、the only、the very 修饰 只用 that This is the best film that I've ever seen.
先行词既有人又有物 只用 that the people and things that he talked about
非限制性定语从句(有逗号) 只用 which He passed the exam, which surprised us.
关系代词前有介词 只用 which(指物)或 whom(指人) the house in which he lives

限制性与非限制性

类型 形式 作用 示例
限制性 无逗号 限定先行词的范围,去掉后句意不完整 My brother who lives in Beijing is a doctor.(我有不止一个哥哥,住在北京的那个是医生)
非限制性 有逗号 补充说明,去掉后句意仍完整;不能用 that My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor.(我只有一个哥哥,他住在北京,是医生)

非限制性定语从句中的 which 还可以指代前面的整个句子:He passed the exam, which surprised us.(他通过了考试,这让我们很惊讶)

常见错误

  • 关系词已经充当了成分,从句中不能再重复:This is the book that I bought. ✓ / This is the book that I bought it. ✗
  • 介词不能丢:This is the house which I live in. ✓ / This is the house which I live. ✗(或者用 where:the house where I live)

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