定语从句¶
定语从句修饰前面的名词或代词,作用相当于形容词。被修饰的词叫 先行词,引导从句的词叫 关系词。
The man who lives next door is a doctor.
先行词:the man;关系词:who;定语从句:who lives next door
中文的定语放在名词前(住在隔壁的 那个人),英语的定语从句放在名词 后(the man who lives next door),这是初学者理解长句的第一道坎。
关系词¶
关系词有两个作用:连接主句和从句,同时在从句中充当一个成分。
关系代词¶
| 关系代词 | 先行词 | 在从句中的成分 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语、宾语 | The girl who sings well is my sister. |
| whom | 人 | 宾语(正式) | The man whom you met is my teacher. |
| whose | 人或物 | 定语(……的) | I have a friend whose father is a pilot. |
| which | 物 | 主语、宾语 | This is the book which I bought. |
| that | 人或物 | 主语、宾语 | This is the book that I bought. |
关系副词¶
| 关系副词 | 先行词 | 相当于 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | 时间 | in / on / at which | I remember the day when we first met. |
| where | 地点 | in / at which | This is the house where I was born. |
| why | 原因(the reason) | for which | That's the reason why he left. |
先行词是时间或地点时,不一定用 when / where,要看从句中缺什么成分:
- This is the house where I live.(从句缺地点状语)
- This is the house which / that I bought.(从句缺宾语 bought 的对象)
关系代词的省略¶
关系代词在从句中作 宾语 时可以省略,作主语时不能省略:
- The book (that) I bought is interesting.(that 是 bought 的宾语,可省略)
- The man who lives next door is a doctor.(who 是 lives 的主语,不能省略)
that 与 which¶
| 情况 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 先行词是 all、everything、nothing、anything 等不定代词 | 只用 that | All that glitters is not gold. |
| 先行词被最高级、序数词、the only、the very 修饰 | 只用 that | This is the best film that I've ever seen. |
| 先行词既有人又有物 | 只用 that | the people and things that he talked about |
| 非限制性定语从句(有逗号) | 只用 which | He passed the exam, which surprised us. |
| 关系代词前有介词 | 只用 which(指物)或 whom(指人) | the house in which he lives |
限制性与非限制性¶
| 类型 | 形式 | 作用 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 限制性 | 无逗号 | 限定先行词的范围,去掉后句意不完整 | My brother who lives in Beijing is a doctor.(我有不止一个哥哥,住在北京的那个是医生) |
| 非限制性 | 有逗号 | 补充说明,去掉后句意仍完整;不能用 that | My brother, who lives in Beijing, is a doctor.(我只有一个哥哥,他住在北京,是医生) |
非限制性定语从句中的 which 还可以指代前面的整个句子:He passed the exam, which surprised us.(他通过了考试,这让我们很惊讶)
常见错误¶
- 关系词已经充当了成分,从句中不能再重复:This is the book that I bought. ✓ / This is the book that I bought it. ✗
- 介词不能丢:This is the house which I live in. ✓ / This is the house which I live. ✗(或者用 where:the house where I live)