动词¶
本页讲动词的 词形变化：人称变化、第三人称单数、-ing 形式、过去式和过去分词。动词的分类和用法见动词体系。
be、have、do 的人称变化¶
| 时态 | be （进行时；被动语态） | have / has （表拥有；完成时） | do / does （一般现在时的否定/疑问句） |
|---|---|---|---|
| 现在时 | I am | I/you/we/they have | I/you/we/they do |
| you/we/they are | |||
| she/he/it is | she/he/it has | she/he/it does | |
| 过去时 | I/she/he/it was | I/you/we/they/she/he/it had | I/you/we/they/she/he/it did |
| you/we/they were |
- am 用于第一人称单数（I）
- is 用于第三人称单数（he、she、it）以及单数名词、不可数名词
- are 用于第二人称（you）以及所有复数
缩写 's 有三种可能：is（He's reading.）、has（He's finished.）、所有格（Tom's book），需要根据上下文判断。
第三人称单数¶
一般现在时中，只有主语是第三人称单数时动词才变形，其余人称都用动词原形：
| 主语 | 肯定 | 否定 |
|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | do | don't |
| he / she / it | v.+s/es | doesn't |
第三人称单数主语包括：he、she、it，单个人名、地名，单数可数名词，不可数名词。everyone/someone/nobody 等被当作一个整体看，也适用于第三人称单数规则。
| 规则 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 一般直接加 -s | work → works |
| 以 s、x、ch、sh、o 结尾，加 -es | watch → watches，go → goes |
| 辅音字母 + y 结尾，变 y 为 i 再加 -es | study → studies |
| 不规则变化 | have → has，be → is |
- The cat runs. / The cats run.
- He likes apples. / They like apples.
主语和谓语在人称、数上的更多搭配规则见主谓一致。
现在分词和动名词¶
两者形式相同，都是动词 + -ing，用法区别见非谓语动词。
| 规则 | 示例 |
|---|---|
| 一般直接加 -ing | read → reading |
| 以不发音的 e 结尾，去 e 加 -ing | write → writing |
| 以 ie 结尾，变 ie 为 y 加 -ing | lie → lying |
| 重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写该字母加 -ing | run → running |
过去式和过去分词¶
| 形式 | 用法 |
|---|---|
| 过去式 | 单独作谓语，表示过去某个时间发生的动作 |
| 过去分词 | 非谓语形式，表示被动或完成：与 have 构成完成时，与 be 构成被动语态 |
不规则动词¶
按原形、过去式、过去分词的异同分为五类。
AAA 型¶
三种形式完全相同。
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| cost | ||
| cut | ||
| let | ||
| put | ||
| set | ||
ABA 型¶
过去分词与原形相同。
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| become | became | become |
| come | came | come |
| run | ran | run |
ABB 型¶
过去分词与过去式相同。
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| babysit | babysat | |
| bend | bent | |
| bring | brought | |
| buy | bought | |
| build | built | |
| feel | felt | |
| find | found | |
| get | got（美式过去分词常用 gotten） | |
| have | had | |
| hear | heard | |
| hold | held | |
| keep | kept | |
| leave | left | |
| lead | led | |
| lose | lost | |
| make | made | |
| mean | meant | |
| meet | met | |
| pay | paid | |
| say | said | |
| sell | sold | |
| send | sent | |
| sit | sat | |
| spend | spent | |
| stand | stood | |
| teach | taught | |
| tell | told | |
| think | thought | |
| understand | understood | |
| win | won | |
AAB 型¶
过去式与原形相同。
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| beat | beaten | |
ABC 型¶
三种形式各不相同，过去分词大多以 -en / -n 结尾。
| 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
|---|---|---|
| arise | arose | arisen |
| be | was/were | been |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| choose | chose | chosen |
| do | did | done |
| draw | drew | drawn |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fly | flew | flown |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| know | knew | known |
| lie（躺） | lay | lain |
| see | saw | seen |
| sing | sang | sung |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| take | took | taken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| write | wrote | written |
Note
lie 作“说谎”讲时是规则动词：lie - lied - lied。